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1900's Women's Fashion 1950's Girl Groups

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Pop music act featuring several young female singers

A girl group is a music act featuring several female singers who by and large harmonize together. The term "girl group" is also used in a narrower sense in the Usa to denote the wave of American female pop music singing groups, many of whom were influenced by doo-wop and which flourished in the belatedly 1950s and early 1960s between the decline of early rock and roll and outset of the British Invasion.[1] [2] All-female bands, in which members also play instruments, are unremarkably considered a divide miracle. These groups are sometimes called "girl bands" to differentiate,[3] although this terminology is not universally followed.

With the appearance of the music industry and radio dissemination, a number of girl groups emerged, such as the Andrews Sisters. The late 1950s saw the emergence of all-female person singing groups every bit a major force, with 750 distinct girl groups releasing songs that reached United states of america and UK music charts from 1960 to 1966.[iv] The Supremes lonely held 12 number-i singles on the Billboard Hot 100 during the height of the wave and throughout well-nigh of the British Invasion rivaled the Beatles in popularity.[5] [6]

In later eras, the girl group template would be applied to disco, gimmicky R&B, and state-based formats, every bit well every bit pop. A more globalized music manufacture gave rise to the popularity of dance-oriented pop music[seven] led by major tape labels. This emergence, led by the U.s.a., Great britain, South Korea, and Japan, produced popular acts, with eight groups debuting later 1990 having sold more than fifteen meg physical copies of their albums. With the Spice Girls, the 1990s also saw the target market for girl groups shift from a male audition to an increasingly female person one.[8] [9]

History [edit]

Vaudeville and shut harmonies [edit]

1 of the commencement major all-female groups was the Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce, an American trio who successfully toured England and parts of Europe in 1927, recorded and appeared on BBC radio – they toured the The states multifariousness and big-fourth dimension theaters extensively, and later changed their phase proper noun to the Three X Sisters. The band was together from 1923 until the early on 1940s, and known for their close harmonies, as well equally barbershop style or novelty tunes, and utilized their 1930s radio success.[10] The Three X Sisters were also peculiarly a notable add-on to the music scene, and predicted afterward girl grouping success by maintaining their popularity throughout the Great Depression.[11] The Boswell Sisters, who became one of the most popular singing groups from 1930 to 1936, had over 20 hits. The Andrews Sisters started in 1937 every bit a Boswell tribute ring and continued recording and performing through the 1940s into the late-1960s, achieving more tape sales, more than Billboard hits, more than million-sellers, and more movie appearances than any other girl group to date.[12] The Andrews Sisters had musical hits beyond multiple genres, which contributed to the prevalence and popularity of the daughter group form.[13]

The ascension of girl groups appeared out of and was influenced by other musical movements of the time period. Vaudeville created an environs of amusement in which the appearance of the girl group was not unfriendly, and musical forms like a cappella and barbershop quartet singing provided inspiration for the structure of the songs and types of harmonies sung past initial girl groups.[ citation needed ] Importantly, the first successful girl groups of this era were typically white, but capitalized on using music such equally ragtime that had originated in the African American customs.[ citation needed ] This era was also advantageous to the beginnings of girl group music because of the newfound prevalence of the radio as well, which allowed this style of music to spread.[ commendation needed ]

1955–1970: The golden age of girl groups [edit]

Equally the rock era began, close harmony acts like the Chordettes, the Fontane Sisters, the McGuire Sisters and the DeCastro Sisters remained pop, with the starting time three acts topping the popular charts and the final reaching number two, at the end of 1954 to the beginning of 1955.[14] As well, the Lennon Sisters were a mainstay on the Lawrence Welk Bear witness from 1955 on. In early on 1956, doo-wop 1-hit wonder acts similar the Bonnie Sisters with "Cry Baby" and the Teen Queens with "Eddie My Dear" showed early promise for a divergence from traditional pop harmonies. With "Mr. Lee", the Bobbettes lasted for five+ 1⁄2 months on the charts in 1957, building momentum and gaining further credence of all-female, all-black song groups.[15]

Nevertheless, it was the Chantels' 1958 song "Maybe" that became "arguably, the beginning true glimmering of the girl group sound."[xvi] [17] The "mixture of black doo-wop, stone and roll, and white pop"[18] was highly-seasoned to a teenage audition and grew from scandals involving payola and the perceived social effects of rock music.[19] Withal, early on groups such equally the Chantels started developing their groups' musical capacities traditionally, through mediums like Latin and choir music.[20] The success of the Chantels and others was followed past an enormous rising in girl groups with varying skills and experience, with the music manufacture'south typical racially segregated genre labels of R&B and pop slowly breaking apart.[17] This rise also allowed a semblance of class mobility to groups of people who often could non otherwise gain such success, and "forming vocal groups together and cutting records gave them access to other opportunities toward professional advocacy and personal growth, expanding the idea of girlhood as an identity across race and grade lines."[21] The grouping often considered to have achieved the outset sustained success in girl group genre is the Shirelles,[22] [23] who starting time reached the Top 40 with "Tonight'south the Night", and in 1961 became the first girl grouping to reach number one on the Hot 100 with "Will You lot Love Me Tomorrow",[24] written by songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole Rex at 1650 Broadway.[25] The Shirelles solidified their success with five more pinnacle 10 hits, most particularly 1962'due south number one hit "Soldier Boy", over the next ii and a one-half years. "Please Mr. Postman" by the Marvelettes became a major indication of the racial integration of popular music, equally information technology was the first number 1 song in the US for African-American owned label, Motown Records.[26] Motown would mastermind several major girl groups, including Martha and the Vandellas, the Velvelettes, and the Supremes.[25]

Please Mr. Postman album.JPG

Other songwriters and producers in the United states of america and United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland quickly recognized the potential of this new arroyo and recruited existing acts (or, in some cases, created new ones) to record their songs in a girl-grouping style. Phil Spector recruited the Crystals, the Blossoms, and the Ronettes,[27] while Goffin and Rex penned ii hit songs for the Cookies. Phil Spector made a huge impact on the ubiquity of the daughter grouping, every bit well equally bringing fame and notoriety to new heights for many girl groups. Phil Spector's and then-chosen Wall of Audio, which used layers of instruments to create a more potent sound[28] allowed daughter groups to sing powerfully and in different styles than earlier generations. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller would besides foster the Exciters, the Dixie Cups, and the Shangri-Las.[29] The Shangri-Las' hitting unmarried, "Leader of the Pack", exemplified the "'death disc' genre" adopted by some girl groups.[30] These songs usually told the story of teenage love cut short by the death of one of the young lovers.

The Paris Sisters had success from 1961 to 1964, especially with "I Love How You Love Me". The Sensations, the Chiffons, the Angels, and the Orlons were also prominent in the early 1960s. In early fall 1963 ane-striking wonder the Jaynetts' "Sally Go 'Circular the Roses" achieved a mysterious sound[31] quite unlike that of any other girl grouping. In 1964, the one-striking wonder group the Murmaids took David Gates' "Popsicles and Icicles" to the top three in January, the Carefrees' "We Honey You Beatles" scraped the top 40 in Apr, and the Jewels' "Opportunity" was a small hit in December.[32]

The girl group sound also extended to existing acts backed by studio musician girls performing without label credit. Examples are likewise numerous to mention.[ commendation needed ]

Over 750 girl groups were able to chart a song betwixt 1960 and 1966[four] in the Usa and Great britain, although the genre'southward attain was non as strongly felt in the music industries of other regions. Every bit the youth culture of western Continental Europe was securely immersed in Yé-yé, recording artists of Due east Asia mostly varied from traditional singers, authorities-sponsored chorus,[33] [34] or multi-cultural soloists and bands,[35] [36] while bossa nova was trendy in Latin America. Crush music's global influence eventually pushed out daughter groups equally a genre and, except for a small-scale number of the foregoing groups and mayhap the Toys and the Sweet Inspirations, the simply daughter groups with any significant chart presence from the beginning of the British Invasion through 1970 were Motown daughter groups with the Supremes beingness the simply daughter group to score number one hits.[37] [38] The singled-out girl group audio would non re-emerge until the 21st century, where it would influence modern-day English-speaking pop-soul soloists who have been met with international success, such as Amy Winehouse, Adele, Duffy and Melanie Fiona among others. In improver to influencing private singers, this generation of girl groups cemented the girl group grade and sentiment and provided inspiration for many hereafter groups.

1966–1989: Changes in formats and genres [edit]

Singing group Labelle, circa 1975

Entering the 1970s, The Supremes had continued success with height x hits "Up the Ladder to the Roof" and "Stoned Beloved" along with half dozen other singles charting on Billboard's top twoscore. Only 2 other girl groups made top 10 chartings through 1974 with "Want Ads" by Dearest Cone and "When Volition I See Y'all Again" by the 3 Degrees[39] (which had roots in the 1960s and in 1970, like the Chantels in 1958, began their acme 40 pop career with "Maybe"). Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles was a U.s. 1960s girl group whose image Vicki Wickham, their manager, helped remake in the early on 1970s, renaming the group Labelle and pushing them in the direction of glam rock.[40] Labelle were the starting time girl grouping to eschew matching outfits and identical choreography, instead wearing extravagant spacesuits and feathered headdresses.[41] During the disco craze and across, female acts included First Choice, Silvery Convention, Hot, the Emotions, Loftier Inergy, Odyssey, Sister Sledge, Mary Jane Girls, Belle Epoque, Frantique, Luv', and Baccara. Groups of the 1980s like the Arrow Sisters, Exposé, and Bananarama updated the concept.

In Latin America, there were a number of dance-oriented pop girl groups during the era, including the Flans, Jeans, and Pandora.

In Japan, all-female idol groups Candies and Pink Lady made a series of hits during the 1970s and 1980s as well. The Japanese music program Music Station listed Candies and Pink Lady in their Top 50 Idols of All Time (compiled in 2011), placing them at number 32 and number 15, with sales exceeding 5 and thirteen million in Japan, respectively.[42] With the single "Kiss in the Nighttime", Pink Lady was also i of only two Japanese artists to have reached the Billboard Acme 40.[43] Billboard magazine states that Pink Lady have sold over 40 1000000 singles and 25 million albums worldwide.[44]

1990–present: Dance pop girl grouping era [edit]

American R&B and hip hop [edit]

With the rising of new jack swing, contemporary R&B and hip hop, American daughter groups such as En Vogue, Exposé and Sugariness Awareness all had singles which hit number one on the charts. Groups in these genres, such every bit SWV, Xscape, 702, Total, Zhane, Blaque, and 3LW, managed to have songs chart on both the U.Southward. Hot 100 and the U.Due south. R&B charts. However, TLC achieved the virtually success for a girl group in an era where contemporary R&B would become global mainstream credence.[45] TLC remains the best-selling American daughter grouping with 65 one thousand thousand records sold, and their second studio album, CrazySexyCool (1994), remains the best-selling album by a daughter group in the United states (Diamond certification), while selling over 14 million copies worldwide.[46] Destiny's Kid emerged in the belatedly 1990s and sold more 60 million records.[47]

Despite the dying popularity of daughter groups in the United states of america in the mid-2000s, American girl group and dance ensemble the Pussycat Dolls achieved worldwide success with their singles. Girl group Danity Kane also became the outset girl group in Billboard history to take two consecutive number-one albums, as their self-titled debut album (2006) and their 2d anthology Welcome to the Dollhouse (2008) both topped the U.Southward. Billboard 200.[48] Following the disbandment of both groups, the format became a very small-scale format with a small-scale number of groups achieving any level of notoriety.

One such exception is Miami-based girl grouping Fifth Harmony, who were formed in 2012 on The X Factor USA. They reached international success with their debut album Reflection, which featured the hit "Worth It".

The 2nd British Invasion and Europe [edit]

In the early 1990s, the British music scene was dominated by male child bands. The only girl group making an touch on the U.k. charts at the time was Eternal, but even they "remained largely faceless".[49] Amidst the American domination of the girl group format, the Second British Invasion saw the UK'south Spice Girls turn the tide in the mid-1990s, achieving 10 number 1 singles in the Britain and US. With sold-out concerts, advertisements, merchandise, 86 million worldwide record sales, the best-selling album of all fourth dimension by a female group,[50] [51] [52] and a film, the Spice Girls became the most commercially successful British group since the Beatles.[53] [54] [55] Unlike their predecessors who were marketed at male record buyers, the Spice Girls redefined the girl grouping concept by going after a young female fanbase instead.[8] [nine]

The cultural movement started past the Spice Girls produced a glut of other similar acts, which include the British-Canadian outfit All Saints, Irish daughter group B*Witched, Atomic Kitten and the Honeyz, who all achieved varying levels of success during the decade.[9] [56] Throughout the 2000s, girl groups from the UK remained popular, with Girls Aloud's "Sound of the Undercover" and Sugababes' "Circular Round" having been called "2 huge groundbreaking hits"[57] credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s.[58] UK girl group connected to have success in the 2000s and 2010s, with acts such as Mis-Teeq, the Saturdays, StooShe and Piffling Mix, who were the first band ever to win the UK version of The X Gene.

Emergence of Asian dance-pop girl groups [edit]

Although the emergence of trip the light fantastic-pop focused acts in Asia paralleled their British counterparts in the 1990s, girl groups in Asia sustained as a successful format through the 2010s.[59] Many of these girl groups exercise highly choreographed dances with studio-produced playback.

Nihon has the music industry's second largest market place overall and the largest physical music market in the globe,[60] with the physical sales Oricon Singles Chart being dominated past J-pop idol girl groups.[61] [62] In the late 1990s, vocal/trip the light fantastic toe girl bands Speed and Max gained prominence in Asia, and paved the way for succeeding Japanese daughter groups, such as Morning Musume, AKB48, Perfume, and Momoiro Clover Z. Speed sold a total of 20 million copies in Nippon within three years, with Diversity calling them "Japan's summit daughter group",[63] while Max still concord the tape for daughter group with the second almost consecutive top x singles in Japan.[64] Morning Musume are one of the most successful and longest running Japanese pop idol daughter groups in Japan, and have sold over xviii one thousand thousand copies at that place. AKB48 have had the best-selling singles of the yr in the country for the past 6 years. The AKB48 format has also expanded to other Asian countries. Throughout the 2010s, AKB48 sister groups have been launched or will be launched in Republic of indonesia, China, Thailand, Taiwan, the Philippines, India and Vietnam.[65] [66] [67] [68] [69] Several new idol groups appeared in the 2010s and created a fiercely competitive situation in the music manufacture, which has been referred to equally the "Idol sengoku jidai" (アイドル戦国時代; lit. Age of the Idol Warring States).[70]

Since 2009, Hallyu (Korean moving ridge) and K-pop has get increasingly meaning in the amusement manufacture, with its influence breaking the confinements of Asia and spreading to the Center East, North Africa, Europe and the Americas.[71] [72] Girl groups are considered one of the leaders of this "Hallyu" wave, with popular groups consistently topping the Gaon Album Charts. Pop South Korean daughter groups include Girls' Generation, Wonder Girls, Kara, 2NE1, T-ara, f(x), GFriend, Twice, Carmine Velvet and Blackpink amongst others.[73] The girl groups of Korea take been particularly effective in digital sales of music, with seven Due south Korean acts comprising the superlative ten in digital sales among daughter groups. In 2013, Girls' Generation won the accolade for Video of the Twelvemonth at the first YouTube Music Awards for "I Got a Boy". The influence of the original girl groups of the United States was not lost on this era of artists, as many adopted visual influences through their "retro" concepts,[74] such as the international 2008 hit "Nobody" by Wonder Girls.

Themes [edit]

Girl groups take a wide array of subject affair in their songs, depending on time and identify and who was producing. Songs likewise had a penchant for reflecting the political and cultural climate effectually them. For instance, songs with abusive undertones were somewhat common during the 1950s–1970s. One notable example was the vocal "He Hitting Me (And It Felt Similar a Kiss)" by the Crystals. During the "gilt age of girl groups", lyrics were disparate, ranging from songs about mean dogs to underage pregnancy. Still, common sentiments were also found in ideas like new love, pining after a crush or lover, and heartache. Some songs sounded upbeat or cheerful and sang nigh falling in love, whereas others took a decidedly more melancholic turn. Groups like The Shangri-Las, with the vocal "I Can Never Become Domicile Anymore" sang about the darker side of being in love.[75]

Adolescence [edit]

An peculiarly prevalent theme was boyhood. Since near of the girl groups were composed of young singers, frequently yet in high school, songs mentioned parents in many cases. Adolescence was too a popular field of study considering of an emerging audience of young girls listening to and ownership records. Adolescence was also reinforced past girl groups in cultivation of a youthful image, since "an unprecedented example of teenage girls occupying middle stage of mainstream commercial civilisation".[76] An case of this youth branding might exist Babe Spice from the Spice Girls. This was shown through flourishes like typically matching outfits for mid-century girl groups and youthful content in songs. Girl groups of the 1950s era would likewise give advice to other girls, or sing about the advice their mothers gave to them, which was a similarity to some male musical groups of the time (for instance, the Miracles' "Store Effectually").

Adolescence was likewise important (specially starting in the 1950s) from the other stop: the consumers were "teenagers [with] disposable income, prepare admission to automobiles, and consolidated high schools that exposed them to large numbers of other teens. Mass teen culture was born."[77] This was a symbiotic relationship with the girl groups in that these groups sang youthful content to appeal to their teen audience, and the teens, peculiarly girls, bought the girl group records appropriately. Girls were also more easily exploited and more than attainable to a youth, too as broader audiences.[ commendation needed ]

Feminism [edit]

Additionally, as the girl grouping structure persisted through further generations, popular cultural sentiments were incorporated into the music. The appearance of "girl power" and feminism was also added, even though start groups were very structured in their femininity.[76] Girl groups would requite advice to their audience, or at that place would be a back-and-along dialogue betwixt the backup singers and the main singer.[ citation needed ] Information technology would exist simplistic to imply that daughter groups only sang almost being in love; on the opposite, many groups expressed circuitous sentiments in their songs. There were songs of support, songs that were gossipy, etc.; similar any other musical movement, there was much variation in what was existence sung. A prominent theme was often teaching "what it meant to be a woman".[78] Daughter groups would exhibit what womanhood looked similar from the clothes they were wearing to the actual lyrics in their songs. Of course this inverse over the years (what the Supremes were wearing was different from the Spice Girls), but girl groups notwithstanding served equally beacons and examples of certain types of identities to their audiences through the years.

Girl groups in earlier generations like the 1950s were maybe more exploited (at least overtly) than more recent girl groups.[ citation needed ] In the 1990s through the present, with the prevalence of such groups equally the Spice Girls, there has been a stiff emphasis on women'due south independence and a sort of feminism. At the very least, the music is more assertive lyrically and relies less on allusion.[ citation needed ] This more recent wave of girl groups is more sexually provocative as well, which makes sense within popular music within this time frame too.[79]

Meet besides [edit]

  • List of girl groups
  • Listing of best-selling girl groups
  • All-female person band
  • Women in music
  • Male child band
  • Dreamgirls, a 1981 musical and 2006 movie that covers the experience of girl groups in the Motown expanse

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External links [edit]

  • 2007 Smithsonian slice of historical influence of American Girl Groups
  • Fan-made site devoted to the latitude of mid-century American Girl Groups

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